说明: 1. 翻译自Weatherley CR, Emran IM, Newell RL.A modification
of the standard midline posterior approach to the intertransverse area
of the lumbar spine.Ann R Coll Surg Engl,2010,92(1):19-22.
医生:Hi, Joe, how are you doing? 患者:Fine, doctor. Pretty
good. 医生:I remember that last time you were here you said that
you were planning a trip to Chicago. How did it go? 患者:Great,
Doc. We had a lovely visit. Saw all the relatives and took in a Cubs
game at Wrigley Field. Thanks for asking. I’m amazed you
remembered.
医生:Mrs. S., I want you to take the first few minutes to tell me
what you think is most important about this. Then I’ll want to ask you
some questions before I examine you.
骨质疏松与骨折关系的临床流行病学研究、骨质疏松与腰背痛关系的研究、骨关节炎与骨质疏松关系的研究、脊髓损伤与骨代谢异常、脊柱的应力分布与骨密度的关系、MRI对于骨质疏松性椎体骨折的诊断价值等等,还因此获得了中国骨质疏松基金会颁发的学科成就奖(对此我非常珍视,因为这是内行评出的奖)。但创新不够,还要加把劲。##
三、读万卷书,行万里路 1.
读万卷书,行万里路。意思是要多读书,多实践。这是我自己的深切体会,在这里提出来与大家共勉。
2. 我以为,定义一个好的临床医生可有3个境界。 *
首先,应该掌握本专业基础知识、基本理论和基本技术; *
再进一步,要在学术上不断提高,跟上国内国外学术发展的步伐; *
更高的要求则是形成自己的特色并被同行所承认,在前人成就的基础上有所发现有所创造。
3.
这3个境界中第3个是最难的,但却又是以前两个境界为基础的。不熟练掌握本专业的基础知识、基本理论和基本技术,再进一步发展其实是非常困难的。
4.
近年来与国外的交流逐渐增多,感觉我们与国外的同行存在着很大的差距,这一差距在起跑线上就已经存在了。国外在医学院学生的招生、培养,住院医生以及专科医生的培养早已经形成了一整套行之有效的制度,而我们国内在这方面就远不如人家。
5.
怎么办?多实践的重要性人人都懂,但对于读书学习的重要性和必要性好象就不那么清楚了。
*
例如,作为脊柱外科医生,你对于脊柱外科的常用分类方法、常用评分标准是不是很熟悉呢?
* 对于各种手术的适应证是不是已经了如指掌了呢? *
再比如,为什么直到现在还有医生搞不清楚爆裂性骨折和压缩性骨折的区别呢!
6.
随着学科的发展,有关基础知识、基本理论和基本技术的范围也在扩大,例如脊柱的MRI检查。
*
我在丁香园上看到不少医生由于缺乏脊柱影像学诊断的基本知识,往往是凭感觉就觉得象是某个病,而却又讲不出太多的依据。为什么不去翻翻书熟悉一下这些疾病的MRI表现呢?
*
如果某些疾病根据影像学表现就可以排除的话,就没有必要去作试验性治疗、也没有必要去作探查性手术了。
7.
了解学术动态的重要性。对于脊柱外科的主要期刊(例如Spine)你是不是每期都要浏览一下呢?
* 你也许会说我只是个小医生。但老医生都是从小医生成长起来的。 *
读书的习惯也是从小医生时就应该养成的,否则将来凭什么去带小医生呢? 8.
读万卷书和行万里路并不矛盾,医生所遇到的第一个病例常常是在人家的论文中,借鉴别人的经验,丰富自己的阅历,何乐而不为呢?
9.
读书读多了,就有一个怎样消化的问题。现在大家的外语水平越来越高,但绝不应将自己限制在
“国际倒爷”的层次上。尤其是大医院的医生,大学附属医院的医生,都应该向最高的境界努力。在国外的大学里,这第3个境界就是评教授的标准。##
四、论文 ### (一)SCI论文 1. Dai LY, Xu YK, Zhang WM, Zhou ZH, Wang YJ.
Effect of posterior structure resection on lumbar spine stability: a
preliminary biomechanical study. Chin Med J 1988; 101(4):272-276.2. Dai
LY, Xu YK, Zhang WM, Zhou ZH. The effect of flexion-extension motion of
the lumbar spine on the capacity of spinal canal: an experimental study.
Spine 1989; 14(5):523-525.3. Dai LY, Xu YK, Zhang WM, Zhou ZH. Influence
of flexion-extension motion of lumbar spine on lumbosacral dural sac: an
experimental study. Chin Med J 1991; 104(6):498-502.4. Dai LY, Tu KY, Xu
YK, Zhang WM, Cheng PL. Effect of discectomy on the stress distribution
in lumbar spine. Chin Med J 1992; 105(11):944-948.5. Dai LY, Jia LS.
Radiographic measurement of the prevertebral soft tissue of the cervical
vertebrae. Chin Med J 1994; 107(6):471-473.6. Dai LY, Jia LS, Xu YK,
Zhang WM. Cruciate paralysis caused by injury of the upper cervical
spine. J Spinal Disord 1995; 8(2):170-172.7. Dai L, Ni B, Jia L, Liu H.
Lumbar disc herniation in the patients with developmental spinal
stenosis. Eur Spine J 1996; 5(5):308-311.8. Dai LY, Jia LS. Multiple
noncontiguous injuries of spine. Injury 1996; 27(8):573-575.9. Dai L,
Jia L. Acute central cervical cord injury presenting as only upper
extremity involvement. Int Orthop 1997; 21(6):380-382.10. Dai L. The
relationship between vertebral body deformity and disc degeneration in
lumbar spine of the senile. Eur Spine J 1998; 7(1):40-44.11. Dai LY, The
relationship between osteoarthritis and osteoporosis in the spine. Clin
Rheumatol 1998; 16(1):44-46.12. Dai LY, Jia LS, Ni B, Yuan W, Liu HK,
Hou TS, Zhao DL, Xu YK. Diagnosis and treatment of acute central
cervical cord syndrome. Chin Med J 1998; 111(4):351-353.13. Dai LY. Disc
degeneration and cervical instability: correlation of magnetic resonance
imaging with radiography. Spine 1998; 23(16):1734-1738.14. Dai LY, Ni B,
Yuan W, Jia LS. Radiculopathy after laminectomy in cervical compression
myelopathy. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1998; 80(5):846-849.15. Dai LY, Yuan
W, Ni B, Jia LS, Zhao DL, Xu YK. Traumatic disruption of the transverse
atlantal ligament. NeuroOrthopedics 2000; 27(1-2):37-41.16. Dai LY, Jia
LS. Central cord injury complicating acute cervical disc herniation in
trauma. Spine 2000; 25(3):331-336. 17. Dai LY, Yuan W, Ni B, Jia LS. Os
odontoideum: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Surg Neurol 2000;
53(2):106-109.18. Dai LY, Yuan W, Ni B, Liu HK, Jia LS, Zhao DL, Xu YK.
Surgical treatment of nonunited fractures of the odontoid process: with
special reference to occipito-cervical fusion for unreducible
atlantoaxial subluxation or instability. Eur Spine J 2000;
9(2):118-122.19. Dai LY. Disc degeneration in patients with lumbar
spondylolysis. J Spinal Dis-ord 2000; 13(6):478-486.20. Dai LY.
Remodeling of the spinal canal after thoracolumbar burst fractures. Clin
Orthop 2001; 382:119-123.21. Dai LY. Acute central cervical cord injury:
the effect of age upon the prognosis. Injury 2001; 32(3):195-199.22. Dai
LY, Jia LS, Yuan W, Ni B, Zhu HB. Direct repair of defect in lumbar
spondylolysis and mild isthmic spondylolisthesis by bone grafting: with
or without facet joint fusion. Eur Spine J 2001; 10(1):78-83.23. Dai LY.
Orientation and tropism of lumbar facet joints in degenerative
spondylolisthesis. Int Orthop 2001; 25(1):40-42.24. Dai LY. Mechanism
associated with thoracolumbar burst fractures: a biomechanical study.
Chin Med J 2002; 115(3):336-338.25. Dai LY. Low lumbar spinal fractures:
management options. Injury 2002; 33 (7):579–582.26. Dai LY, Yao WF, Cui
YM, Zhou Q. Thoracolumbar fractures in multiply injured patients:
diagnosis and treatment--A review of 147 cases. J Trauma 2004;
56(2):348-355.27. Dai LY. Significance of prevertebral soft tissue
measurement in cervical spine injuries. Eur J Radiol 2004;
51(1):73-76.28. Dai LY, Ye H, Qian QR. The natural history of cervical
disc calcification in children. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2004;
86(7):1467-1472.29. Dai LY, Jin WJ. Interobserver and intraobserver
reliability of the Load Sharing Classification in the assessment of
thoracolumbar burst fractures. Spine 2005; in press30. Dai LY, Jiang LS,
Wang W, Cui YM. Single-stage anterior autogenous bone grafting and
instrumentation in the surgical management of spinal tuberculosis. Spine
2005; in press31. Dai LY, Zhou Q, Yao WF, Shen L. Recurrent lumbar disc
herniation after discectomy: outcome of repeat discectomy. Surg Neurol
2005; in press
(二)国际会议论文
Dai LY. Lamitotomies withiout fusion for degenerative
spondylolisthesis with spinbal canal stenosis. The 68th Annual Meeting
of the AAOS, San Francisco, 2001.2. Dai LY. Radiculopathy after
multilevel laminectomy for cervical compression myelopathy: a minimum
5-year follow-up. The 69th Annual Meeting of the AAOS, Dallas, 2002.3.
Dai LY. The natural history of cervical disc calcification in children.
The 30th Annual Meeting of the CSRS, Miami, 2002.4. Dai LY. Surgical
management of cervical spondylotic myelopathy: is one-stage anterior and
posterior procedure necessary? The 70th Annual Meeting of the AAOS, New
Orleans, 2003.5. Dai LY. The outcome of limited discectomy for lumbar
disc herniation: ten-year follow-up. The 72th Annual Meeting of the
AAOS, Washington, DC, 2005 (accepted)6. Dai LY. Treatment of lumbar
spinal stenosis by laminotomies and interspinous fusion: a long-term
follow-up. The 72th Annual Meeting of the AAOS, Washington, DC, 2005
(accepted) ### (三)走上国际学术讲坛:出席AAOS有感
今年2月,我出席了在美国新奥尔良召开的美国骨科医师学会(AAOS)第70届年会,并有幸在该次会议上作关于脊髓型颈椎病手术治疗的学术报告。这虽然已是我第3次出席AAOS了,但在如此重要的会议上发言还是第一次。
###(一)脊柱侧弯方面的进展 1.
我们新华医院早在20世纪70年代就开始了脊柱侧凸的手术治疗,而我本人在国外进修期间也是以脊柱畸形为主要内容。当时导师给我布置的工作是总结先天性脊柱侧凸的临床资料,花了几个月的时间,片子也读了几千张。所以现在虽然主要方向不在脊柱畸形上,但对这一问题一直有兴趣,并手术治疗了一些病例。
2.
这里主要讨论特发性脊柱侧凸。特发性脊柱侧凸的治疗选择常常涉及到很多因素。手术还是不手术?如果手术,主要的目的是什么?是矫正畸形,还是其他:防止畸形进一步加重?重建躯干平衡?或是为了以后的腰背痛问题、呼吸困难问题?或者只是为了美观。对于这些问题在决定手术前都应该有一个比较全面的考虑。这就需要医生对疾病的自然史有一个清晰的认识,就是说要知道对于这样一个具体的病例如果我不开刀会产生什么样的后果。这方面的研究往往需要花费大量的精力,因而也更有价值。比较引人注目的是著名脊柱外科专家Stuart
Weinstein等去年发表在JAMA上的一篇文章。 > Weinstein SL, Dolan LA,
Spratt KF, et al.: Health and function of patients with untreated
idiopathic scoliosis: a 50-year natural history study. JAMA 2003;
289:559–567.
他们报道了117例未治疗的特发性脊柱侧凸50年随访结果,并与62例志愿者作对照。患者最后随访时年龄为54-80岁,平均66岁。研究结果提示,晚发的特发性脊柱侧凸(late-onset
idiopathic scoliosis)患者虽未经治疗,
其远期随访结果仅在腰背痛和外观方面与对照组有一定差距,其他健康及功能参数均与对照组无异。如此长时间的随访资料,得来实属不易。
3.
特发性脊柱侧凸手术治疗的关键是融合范围的选择。过去主要依据在Harrington系统基础上提出的King分类,选择性融合后出现了一些失代偿的病例。现在Lenke等又提出了新的分类:
> Lenke LG, Betz RR, Harms J, et al.: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a new classification to determine extent of spinal arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2001, 83:1169–1181. 所考虑的问题更加全面,对选择融合范围的指导性更强,近几年围绕Lenke分类有几篇文章, 当然也提出了一些意见。问题是如果分类覆盖的范围越大就会越复杂,也越难掌握。4. 此外,前路胸腔镜手术、前路开放手术以及椎弓根螺钉的应用等,究竟会给手术治疗带来什么影响都是值得关注的问题。总的原则是要在融合范围尽可能小的前提下取得满意的效果。在我们这个国家还有一个比较突出的问题,那就是怎样更省钱?###(二)请问往SPINE杂志或类似的外国期刊投稿时有何技巧?(不考虑文章内容,实验方法等客观的因素,只考虑投稿的技巧,即若何能让编辑考虑发表)1. 技巧始终是第二位,有新意永远是第一位的。
* 首先要告诉审稿人你的内容是有新意的(但不能胡吹)
* 其次要让人知道你的工作既是有新意的又是重要的
* 根据创新性和重要性的不同你所能发表文章的档次也有所不同2. 要把与你文章关系密切的文章尽可能都读过,在前言部分综述一下,告诉人家现状、不足,和你的假设和本文的目的(要具体有针对性)。3. 材料和方法:要详细。4. 讨论:
* 要强调你的发现是什么?
* 有什么意义?
* 与别人的工作有什么不同?
* 本研究的不足和缺陷是什么?5. 参考文献:重要的都要列出,列出的都要读过全文。6. 别在小处让人家扣分,比如不要写错别字。
说明: 1. 参考自Yue BY,le Roux CM,Corlett R et al.The arterial
supply of the cervical and thoracic spinal muscles and overlying skin:
Anatomical study with implications for surgical wound complications.Clin
Anat,2013,26(5):584-91.
iliocostalis lumborum: lumbar part (where its insertion is in the
12th to 7th ribs).
iliocostalis thoracis: its insertion runs from the last 6 ribs to
the first 6 ribs.
iliocostalis cervicis: runs from the first 6 ribs to the posterior
tubercle of the transverse process of C6-C4.
最长肌(Longissimus)
longissimus thoracis: originates from the sacrum, spinous processes
of the lumbar vertebrae, and transverse process of the last thoracic
vertebra and inserts in the transverse processes of the lumbar
vertebrae, 竖脊肌腱膜(erector spinae aponeurosis), ribs, and costal
processes of the thoracic vertebrae.
longissimus cervicis: originates from the transverse processes of
T6-T1 and inserts in the transverse processes of C7-C2.
longissimus capitis: originates from the transverse processes of
T3-T1, runs through C7-C3, and inserts in the mastoid process of the
temporal bone.
棘肌(Spinalis)
spinalis thoracis: which originates from the spinous process of
L3-T10 and inserts in the spinous process of T8-T2.
spinalis cervicis: originates from the spinous process of T2-C6 and
inserts in the spinous process of C4-C2.
spinalis capitis: an inconstant muscle fiber that runs from the
cervical and upper thoracic and then inserts in the external occipital
protuberance.
Deep branch通常来自锁骨下动脉(第二或第三段),但也有25%来自transverse
cervical artery。在这种情况下,Deep branch也被称为the deep branch of the
transverse cervical artery。而Superficial branch和Deep
branch的结合部被称为cervicodorsal trunk。
Descending branch (also known as superficial cervical
artery,供应斜方肌的中间和外侧部分)
Cadaveric studies have revealed that cutaneous perforators are linked
by either reduced-caliber "choke" arteries, or by vessels without change
in caliber, the true anastomoses.
Anteroposterior X-ray image of the thorax following injection of the
superior and posterior intercostal arteries (both orange).
说明: 1. 参考自Moghimi MH, Leonard DA, Cho CH et al.Virtually
bloodless posterior midline exposure of the lumbar spine using the
"para-midline" fatty plane.Eur Spine J,2016,25(3):956-62.
Hostin et al.代表国际脊柱研究小组(International Spine Study
Group)报告,发现中线区域的soft-tissue
failure是导致成人脊柱畸形手术后近端交界性后凸畸形(proximal junctional
kyphosis)的第二大常见因素(the second most common vehicle)。
Ekman et
al.在一项随机对照试验的长期随访中发现,与融合相邻的椎板切除术是邻近节段退变的重要危险因素。
旁正中入路可以提供保留非融合节段的棘突间韧带结构的优势。
由于它避免了直接的骨膜下暴露,因此在初次暴露期间保留了韧带附着点。
只有标记好减压节段并确认后,再进行椎板的二次暴露。
这使得外科医生能够更精确地决定减压的近端和远端范围(由棘突切除术描述)。
需要特别注意的是,例如,在L4/5间隙减压期间,可以保留L4椎板上部的韧带附着。
相比之下,传统的骨膜下暴露在手术节段确定之前就强制性地将这些韧带从棘突中分离出来。
(四)不同的腰椎入路的比较
以前很少有研究专门比较不同的开放腰椎入路的结果。
Butterman et
al.发现两节段脊柱融合对于后正中入路和椎旁肌入路在出血(blood
loss),手术时间(operative time)和临床结果(clinical
outcomes)方面具有相似的结果。
同样,Fraser et
al.报道,后正中入路和椎旁肌入路产生的结果也相似。虽然这些数据很有用,但它们对当前研究的适用性有限。
Fig. 10.3. Skull traction. Cone callipers with spanner(扳手) (A);
marking the scalp with two lines (B); sites for insertion of Crutchfield
callipers (•) and Cone callipers (X) (C).
Jacob
Bickels在此书中介绍的内侧入路:沿缝匠肌及股内侧肌间隙进入,自近端向远端游离股动静脉及隐神经,结扎全部供应股骨远端或肿瘤的血管(膝关节网)。到达Hunter管后,确认并切断收肌腱,在其远端游离腘血管。在大腿近端肿瘤上方,收肌筋膜与股内侧肌筋膜汇合。切开这一间隙以显露股骨。股深血管位于收肌筋膜深方,沿股骨嵴(股骨粗线)方向走行,可以结扎切断股深动脉及静脉终末端。由肿瘤表面游离股血管、隐神经及腘血管至关节下方。在膝关节内侧,分离并切断腓肠肌内侧头,显露并切断内侧膝关节血管。用手指保护好腘血管后,用电刀切开关节囊,切断前后交叉韧带、腘肌腱及侧副韧带。由肿瘤表面掀开股四头肌(连同髌骨、髌腱向外侧掀开),将股中间肌保留在肿瘤表面作为肿瘤学边界。
Jacob Bickels在Operative Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgical
Oncology中介绍的股骨远端2/3的前内侧入路,浅层分离股内侧肌和股直肌之间的间隙。从股骨远端开始,沿着股内侧肌和股直肌之间的间隙内向近端分离以显露股中间肌,沿其肌纤维方向劈开股中间肌,显露股骨干。