Scientific illiteracy is a major failing of medical education.
科学无知是医学教育的主要问题。
(一)临床研究的分类方法
没有对照组的研究称为描述性研究。
最下端是个案报告(case report)
当报告的患者超过一个时,就称为病例系列报告(a case-series
report)
(二)临床证据的分级/Rating
clinical evidence:Assessment system of the US Preventive Services Task
Force美国预防服务工作组评估系统
证据质量/Quality of evidence
I
Evidence from at least one properly
designed randomised controlled
trial.来自至少一个设计良好的随机对照临床试验中获得的证据
II-1
Evidence obtained from well-designed
controlled trials without
randomisation.来自设计良好的非随机对照试验中获得的证据
II-2
Evidence from well-designed cohort or
case-control studies, preferably from more than one centre or research
group.来自设计良好的队列研究或病例对照研究(最好是多中心研究)的证据
II-3
Evidence from multiple time series with or
without the intervention. Important results in uncontrolled experiments
(such as the introduction of penicillin treatment in the 1940s) could
also be considered as this type of
evidence.来自多个时间序列的、带有或不带有干预的研究得出的证据。重要的非对照试验(例如19世纪40年代青霉素的引入)的结果有时也可作为这一等级的证据。
III
Opinions of respected authorities, based
on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert
committees.来自临床经验、描述性研究或专家委员会报告的权威意见
推荐强度/Strength of
recommendations
A
Good evidence to support the
intervention.良好的科学证据支持该干预行为
B
Fair evidence to support the
intervention.尚可的证据支持该干预行为
C
Insufficient evidence to recommend for or
against the intervention, but recommendation might be made on other
grounds.没有足够的依据推荐或反对该干预行为,但在其他情况下可能会推荐
D
Fair evidence against the
intervention.尚可的科学证据反对该干预行为
E
Good evidence against the
intervention.良好的证据反对该干预行为
三、研究可以做什么,无法做什么
研究设计与研究问题是否匹配/Is the study design appropriate for the
question?
(一)描述性研究/descriptive
study
描述性研究可以阐述发病率(frequency)、自然病程和可能的决定因素(possible
determinants of a
condition)。这些结果显示多少人在一定时间患该病或发生某种状态,描述疾病和患病者的特征,并产生关于疾病的假设。这些假设可以通过更严格的研究来评价,如分析性研究或随机对照试验。
Age Gender Cholesterol SystolicBP BMI Smoking Education 167.9 Female 236.4129.826.4 Yes High 254.8 Female 256.3133.428.4 No Medium 368.4 Male 198.7158.524.1 Yes High 467.9 Male 205.0136.019.9 No Low 560.9 Male 207.7145.426.7 No Medium 644.9 Female 222.5130.630.6 No Low
Stratified by Gender Female Male p test n 143107 Age (mean (sd))56.94(8.05)58.25(7.55)0.191 Cholesterol (mean (sd))224.80(25.06)223.21(24.78)0.620 SystolicBP (mean (sd))144.95(10.99)146.27(8.71)0.305 BMI (mean (sd))26.74(4.58)26.84(4.09)0.859 Smoking = Yes (%) 37 (25.9) 35 (32.7) 0.298 Education (%)0.289 High 56(39.2)52(48.6) Low 45(31.5)26(24.3) Medium 42(29.4)29(27.1)
说明 1. 译自Rajyaguru DJ于2018年发表在JCO上的文章:Radiofrequency
Ablation Versus Stereotactic BodyRadiotherapy for Localized
Hepatocellular Carcinoma inNonsurgically Managed Patients: Analysis of
the National Cancer Database.
射频消融与立体定向放疗对非手术治疗的局限性肝癌患者的影响:国家癌症数据库分析
摘要
研究目的
对于局部肝细胞癌(HCC)的管理,目前尚缺乏指导(医生)如何选择最佳局部消融治疗的数据。由于这些治疗方式的前瞻性、可比较数据有限,因此我们的目的是通过使用国家癌症数据库比较射频消融(radiofrequency
ablation,RFA)与立体定向放射治疗(stereotactic body
radiotherapy,SBRT)的有效性(effectiveness)。
方法
我们进行了一项观察性研究,以比较RFA与SBRT在非手术治疗肝癌患者(stage
I or II)中的有效性。
我们从NCDB参与者用户文件(Participant User Files,PUF)获得数据。The
data elements are collected prospectively from cancer registries of
CoC-accredited programs by using nationally standardized data item and
coding definitions as specified in the CoC’s facility oncology registry
data standards and nationally standardized data transmission format
specifications coordinated by the North American Association of Central
Cancer Registries.
a propensity score-and time-to-treatment-matched univariable Cox
proportional hazards model
/倾向性评分和治疗时间匹配的单因素Cox比例风险模型
an unmatched univariable analysis based on the Kaplan-Meier
estimator of inverse probability of treatment weight
(IPTW)/基于IPTW的Kaplan-Meier估计量的未匹配的单因素分析
构建以接受SBRT为目标事件构建模型的倾向性评分模型。
通过逐步多因素logistic回归模型。
变量选择:先进行单因素分析,纳入所有与治疗方法显著相关的变量(a
threshold of P <0.20 required for initial inclusion and P <0.10
required to remain in the model)。
在倾向性评分的基础上,计算稳定的IPTW。IPTWs were truncated at
第5和第95百分位
在匹配的患者组中,我们通过交互作用(interaction)和亚组分析(subgroup
analyses)评估了治疗效果的异质性(heterogeneity of treatment
effects),探讨了年龄,性别,临床T分期,肿瘤大小,肿瘤分级,Charlson-Deyo合并症评分和设施类型的影响。
Propensity score matching (PSM) is a statistical
matching technique that attempts to estimate the effect of a treatment,
policy, or other intervention by accounting for the covariates that
predict receiving the treatment
与健康相关的生活质量(Health-related quality of
life,HRQOL)被认为是癌症治疗的重要结果之一。对癌症患者而言,最常用的HRQOL测度是通过欧洲癌症研究与治疗中心(European
Organisation for Research and Treatment of
Cancer,EORTC)的调查问卷计算得出的。
mydata <- rbind(df.patients, df.population) mydata$Group <- as.logical(mydata$Sample == 'Patients') mydata$Distress <- ifelse(mydata$Sex == 'Male', age(nrow(mydata), x = 0:42, name = 'Distress'), age(nrow(mydata), x = 15:42, name = 'Distress'))
> mydata # A tibble: 1,250 x 5 Age Sex Sample Group Distress <int> <fct> <fct> <lgl> <int> 1 76 Female Patients TRUE 39 2 49 Female Patients TRUE 25 3 57 Male Patients TRUE 39 4 62 Male Patients TRUE 32 5 61 Male Patients TRUE 21 6 44 Male Patients TRUE 27 7 56 Female Patients TRUE 21 8 54 Female Patients TRUE 28 9 49 Male Patients TRUE 17 10 64 Male Patients TRUE 28 # ... with 1,240 more rows
if..else语句的基本语法是
1 2 3 4 5
if(boolean_expression) { // statement(s) will execute if the boolean expression is true. } else { // statement(s) will execute if the boolean expression is false. }
Rozé JC, Cambonie G, Marchand-Martin L, et al. Hemodynamic EPIPAGE 2
Study Group. Association between early screening for patent ductus
arteriosus and in-hospital mortality among extremely preterm infants.
JAMA. 2015; 313(24):2441–2448.
Huybrechts KF, Bateman BT, Palmsten K, et al. Antidepressant use
late in pregnancy and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the
newborn. JAMA. 2015; 313(21):2142–2151.